B6 preventing and treating disease pdf b7 noncommunicable diseases pdf b8 photosynthesis pdf b9 respiration pdf b10 the human nervous system pdf b11 hormonal coordination pdf b12 homeostasis in action pdf b reproduction pdf b14 variation and evolution pdf b15 genetics and evolution pdf b16 adaptations, interdependence. These batches are called fractions and they are separated by fractional distillation. Production chemistry issues result from changes in well stream fluids, both liquid and gaseous, during processing. There more than just one specific fuel called marine diesel or heavy fuel oil. Any ways to remember the order of the crude oil fractions. Chemistry chm3w unit 3a introduction to organic chemistry.
Can you do a level chemistry without a level maths. Refining involves a wide variety of chemical reactions and understanding refining chemistry not only allows the refiner to understand the means by which these products can be formed from various feedstocks, but also offers a chance of process predictability of the process chemistry leading to process evolution for the refinery to accommodate the different types of crude oil as well. Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds composed of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. Therefore, distillation is a feasible separation technique. F the condensed liquid flows out of the fractionator through a pipe from the tray. Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds. The crude oil is vaporised at about 350 degrees celsius and it rises up through the trays. Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, we call these type of compounds hydrocarbons we represent hydrocarbons in the following ways.
Pure organic compounds feature early in the book chiefly to set benchmark values for the various physical properties later discussed for hydrocarbon products. Feb 25, 2018 find the advanced level chemistry books you need here. Thermal reforming alters the properties of lowgrade naphthas by converting the molecules into those of higher octane number by exposing the materials. Downward delivery is used to collect gases that are. Examples of uses of distillation include purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, and making liquefied gases from air. Identify the missing fraction and state the order in which the five fractions are removed. To meet this demand some petroleum fractions must be converted to gasoline. Where p fuel oil is in usdkg, and p co is in usdbbl. Potential subsequent career choices include medical doctor, vet, chemist, material engineer, pharmacist, vaccine and medicine developer and environmental scientist. Organic chemistry is one of the three traditional branches of chemistry together with physical chemistry and inorganic chemistry. They are called hydrocarbons because they only contain the elements hydrogen and carbon to make crude oil useful, batches of similar compounds with similar properties need to be sorted.
Please note that these guides are a collation of my personal notes, teachers notes, chemistry books, and websites such as chemguide, chemsheets, chemwiki. Crude oil is a fossil fuel formed from decaying plants and animals that have decomposed over millions of years. Fractional distillation of crude oil gcse secondary. It is formed from the remains of plants and animals which died millions of years ago. It can give off the smell of rotten eggs when found as hydrogen sulfide. Luyben 2011 assumed its value to be constant at 16. The injection of co 2 in the extraction processes of crude oil eor or tertiary recovery and natural gas ecbm, respectively, from oil fields and coal deposits represent an attractive option to obtain the otherwise unrecoverable fossil fuels. Chemistry chem1 unit 1 foundation chemistry friday 22 may 2015 9. Organic chemistry, alkanes, alcohols, alkenes, carboxylic acids, esters, polymers, feedstock, fuels, crude oil, cracking, petrochemicals, polymerisation. For a lot more videos, worksheets, problem sessions and 3d models on chemistry check out epistemeo. Crude oil fractional distillation gcse chemistry youtube. Crude oil is described as a fossil fuel but it is much more important than that as many plastics have crude oil as a raw material.
Identify the chemical formula of the molecule represented here. Chemistry physics books about introduction to crude oil. Pure organic compounds feature early in the book chiefly to set benchmark values for the various physical. Hydrocarbons from oil a2levellevelrevision, chemistry. You need to know about chromatography, bond energies, titrations. In order to make it useful for a wide range of purposes, it undergoes fractional distillation where the different lengths of alkanes are separated. Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. Since crude oil production is characterized by variable production rates and unpredictable changes to the nature of the produced fluids, it is essential for production chemists to have a range of chemical additives available for rectif. Crude oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbon compounds that boil at different temperatures. The following table shows the appropriate apparatus needed for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume used in experimental chemistry. Carbon dioxide co 2 is a stable and relatively inert triatomic molecule that exists as a gas at ambient temperature and pressure. Alevel chemistry chelsea independent college alevel.
Its also the source of the building blocks that todays molecular architects use for a wide range of useful chemical products that weve come to regard as vital to everyday life. Through its various revisions, this version of organic chemistry was forged in a companion book which fits twosemester undergraduate programs like a welltailored glove. Nov, 2011 for a lot more videos, worksheets, problem sessions and 3d models on chemistry check out epistemeo. Fractional distillation of crude oil crude oil is a mixture of many thousands of different compounds with different properties. Liquids boil liquidgas at their boiling point and start to condense gasliquid back to liquid just below this temperature. Useful products from crude oil crude oil is a fossil fuel, formed from the decay of sea creatures over millions of years. Crude oil doesnt just provide us with the fuels to drive the world and its economy. You will find small variations of this table in different textbooks. The pressure on the oil may build up so much that when a hole is drilled through the rock cap, oil gushes out. The main source of these liquid alkane fuels is crude oil, a complex mixture that is separated by. Feb 14, 2016 mix play all mix im stuck gcse and alevel revision youtube refinery crude oil distillation process complete full hd duration. Mix play all mix im stuck gcse and alevel revision youtube refinery crude oil distillation process complete full hd duration. Reforming, in chemistry, processing technique by which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties.
As the crude oil vapour goes up the fractional column, it gets cooler creating a temperature gradient. E most of the fractions in the crude oil evaporate. The lowpressure steam cost is determined as a function of co. Petroleum column is 300 m in length, therefore more efficient.
In this lesson, students learn how petroleum fractions are chemically treated in the. As crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, as the vapour rises, and the temperature decreases different hydrocarbons with highlow boiling points condense and are pumped out of the column. Students of biology will understand the importance of organic chemistry because most types of compounds in this topic are found in, or are formed in, plants and animals, including the human body. Use black ink or black ballpoint pen fill in the boxes at the top. This particular lesson is a continuation of lesson 3, which taken together complete the crude oil refining process. Crude oil is vaporised and passed through a column. Hydrocarbon molecules are only made of a chemical combination of carbon and.
How to represent alkanes by their chemical formula or displayed formula. Oil 101 is an introductory textbook about the oil industry for the technical graduate who has done some a level or college level organic chemistry, so is at home with the names of common organic chemicals, eg. Crude oil cannot be used directly but it is the source of many useful products. Aqa a level chemistry fractional distillation of crude oil. The fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking and the combustion equations of the alkanes will be in the next post. Upward delivery is used to collect gases that are less dense than air. If you want work as a consulting petroleum chemist, you will need a masters degree in chemistry. Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, we call these type of compounds hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum and crude oil. Large amounts of oil and gas may collect in a porous rock. Hot crude oil vapour is pumped into the bottom the hottest part of the fractionating column. Desigend to be used with the old textbook pages that cover c1a 3. Crude oil is a mixture of many thousands of different compounds with different properties.
Fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions containing alkanes of similar boiling points. Marine diesel or heavy fuel oil are toxic residuals from the distillation of crude oil with a boiling temperature between about 350 c and 500 c and a significantly increased viscosity compared to diesel. See more ideas about chemistry, cambridge and chemistry textbook. Chapters 2 to 4 is an introduction to crude oil assays, and the chemical components comprising crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds it is formed from the remains of plants and animals which died millions of years ago. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, containing mainly alkanes. The larger the hydrocarbon molecule the longer its carbonchain length, the higher its boiling point. Aimed at bottom set year 10s, with room for some optimistic outcomes. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline.
Typically, crude oil is a mixture of over 150 different hydrocarbons, most of which are unbranched straight chain alkanes. The largest hydrocarbons dont vapourise at all, because their boiling points are too high. Distillation is the process of separating components of a mixture based on different boiling points. Edexcel as a level chemistry student book 1 answers answers to chemsheets q mct. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 3040% gasoline. Fractional distillation of crude oil refining uses of fractions, methane. Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into its components. Separation of the different hydrocarbon chains is done through fractional distillation. A co 2 molecule exhibits a linear structure in which the carbon is bonded to each oxygen atom via a sigma and pi bond forming two co bonds. H the crude oil vapour enters the fractionator and rises up the column. Treatment of hydrocarbons will help students explore the chemical treatment processes by which distilled petroleum fractions are converted to produce useful fuel oils. The first stages in the processing of crude oil are described below. This marriage is the reason we can count on a wide array of everyday products ranging from plastic and gasoline to food additives and dyes.
G highpressure steam is used to heat the crude oil to a high temperature. Taken pretty much directly from the aqa 91 gcse syllabus organic chemistry. A bachelors degree in an area related to chemistry not only serves as an excellent way to prepare for an advanced degree in chemistry. Humans have been using distillation since at least 3000 bc in the indus valley. Crude oil is the untouched oil as it comes out of the ground. Following closely along with the aqa gcse chemistry book, this lesson powerpoint covers chapter 9. Petroleum which is a non renewable energy is a mixture of different organic compounds present in depth of soil or sea. Chapter 5 introducing organic chemistry the difference between hazards and risks, risk assessments, minimizing risks in the lab. This is because molecules of a similar length have similar strength intermolecular forces, and the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the temperature needed to make them boil. The site was originally intended to meet the needs of uk a level chemistry students, but. The site was originally intended to meet the needs of uk a level chemistry students, but it has been widened over the years to cover material on all the ukbased syllabuses including a level, ib, scottish advanced highers and cambridge international. For example, students may choose to present a storyboard, comic book.
The process is frequently applied to lowquality gasoline stocks to improve their combustion characteristics. The book is concerned with properties such as density, refractive index, acoustic impedance and electrical conductivities of hydrocarbon substances. Review of alevel specification content edshare soton. Since both of them are remains of the huge lifeforms that roamed the earth before us humans, we can safely say that petrochemicals are subject of interest of organic chemistry. Typically, crude oil is a mixture of over 150 different hydrocarbons, most of which are unbranched. Fractional distillation of crude oil fractions and useful products. Chapter 6 alkanes crude oil and fractional distillation, the reactions and mechanisms of alkanes complete and incomplete combustion, free radical substitution. See more ideas about chemistry, this or that questions and gcse science. Chemistry a level can open the door to university courses such as medicine, veterinary science, chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, pharmacy and biochemistry. Finally, heres another book that has spent a lot of time on the various campuses around the globe, which shouldnt come off as a too big of a surprise. On a microscopic level, how does the reaction of bromine with a saturated. Chemistry alevel can open the door to university courses such as medicine, veterinary science, chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, pharmacy and biochemistry. The book covers important topics, such as clean fuels.
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